Definition and Examples of Media in Communications

In the communication process, a medium is a channel or system of communication—the means by which  information (the message) is transmitted  between a speaker or writer (the sender) and an audience (the receiver). The plural form is  media, and the term is also known as a channel. The medium used to send a message may range from an individuals voice, writing, clothing, and body language to forms of mass communication such as newspapers, television, and the internet. Communication Media Changes Over Time Before the printing press, mass communication didnt exist, as books were handwritten and literacy wasnt widespread throughout all social classes. The invention of moveable type was a major communication innovation for the world. Author Paula S. Tompkins sums up the history of communication and change thusly: When a communication medium changes, our practices  and  experiences of communication also change. The technology of writing liberated human communication from the medium of face-to-face (f2f) interaction. This  change affected both the process and  experience of communication, as persons no longer needed to be physically present to communicate with one another. The technology of the printing press further promoted the medium of writing by  mechanizing the creation and distribution of the written word. This began the new communication form of mass communication in pamphlets, newspapers, and cheap books, in contrast to the medium of handwritten documents and books.  Most recently, the medium of digital technology  is again changing the process and experience of human communication. – Practicing Communication Ethics: Development, Discernment, and Decision-Making. Routledge, 2016 Information Inundation Television mass media used to distill the news into a nightly news hour. With the advent of 24-hour news channels on cable, people could check in hourly or at any point in the hour to find out the latest news. Now, with social media platforms and the ubiquitous smartphones in our pockets, people can check news and happenings—or be alerted of them—constantly throughout the day. This puts a lot more news up front just because its the most recent. News outlets and channels looking for peoples eyeballs on their content (and their advertisers) have a lot of pressure to keep those updates coming to peoples feeds. The outrageous, shocking, and easily digestible gets shared more widely than something thats complex and nuanced. Something short gets read more widely than something long. Authors James W. Chesebro and Dale A. Bertelsen noted how modern messaging seems a lot more like marketing than discourse, and their observation has only been amplified with the advent of social media: [A] significant shift in the nature of communication has been reported for several decades. Increasingly, it has been noted that a shift from a content orientation—with its emphasis on the ideational or substantive dimension of  discourse—to a concern for form or  medium—with an emphasis on image, strategy, and patterns of discourse—has been identified as a central feature of the information age. – Analyzing Media: Communication Technologies as Symbolic and Cognitive Systems. Guilford Press, 1996 Medium vs. Message If the medium through which information is delivered affects what people get out of it, that could have big implications for today. As people move away from the in-depth coverage of an issue they can receive in print media to getting more information from social media, they consume increasing amounts of their information in soundbites, shared snippets of news that may be slanted, inaccurate, or completely fake. In the modern age of people will remember it if you repeat it often enough—it doesnt matter if its true, it takes deeper dives into the information by message receivers to find the real story and any hidden motives behind the headlines. If the medium doesnt equate with the message, its still true that different formats carry different versions of the same story, such as the depth of information or its emphasis.

2018 Hurricane Names

2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 Below you will find the listing of hurricane names for the Atlantic Ocean for the year 2018. For every year, there is a pre-approved list of tropical storm and hurricane names. These lists have been generated by the National Hurricane Center since 1953. At first, the lists consisted of only female names; however, since 1979, the lists alternate between male and female. Hurricanes are named alphabetically from the list in chronological order. Thus the first tropical storm or hurricane of the year has a name that begins with A and the second is given the name that begins with B. The lists contain hurricane names that begin from A to W, but exclude names that begin with a Q or U. There are six lists that continue to rotate. The lists only change when there is a hurricane that is so devastating, the name is retired and another hurricane name replaces it. The 2018 hurricane name list is almost the same as the 2012 hurricane name list.  Hurricane Sandy was a large and destructive storm in 2012 so the name was retired from the list and Sara took its place. 2018 Hurricane Names AlbertoBerylChrisDebbyErnestoFlorenceGordonHeleneIsaacJoyceKirkLeslieMichaelNadineOscarPattyRafaelSaraTonyValerieWilliam

Describe How DNA Has Enhanced Law Enforcement Free Essays

DNA has emerged as a remarkable crime fighting tool. DNA has the potential to be the best crime solving tool of the 21st century. DNA has been very critical in solving some of the nations most serious crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe How DNA Has Enhanced Law Enforcement or any similar topic only for you Order Now DNA analysis is a very powerful tool, because each persons DNA is unique in most cases. DNA evidence collected from a crime scene can implicate or eliminate a suspect. It can also analyze unidentified remains through comparisons with DNA from someone’s relative. Previously, unsolvable cases, more often homicides and sexual assaults, can contain DNA evidence that will help identify the criminal, even though the victim can’t. When evidence from one crime scene is compared through the federal DNA database with evidence from another crime scene those crimes can be linked to the same person locally, statewide, and nationally. Also, plants and animals hold DNA, as well. Newer DNA analysis techniques can yield results from biological evidence that’s invisible to an officer. DNA analysis methods also can be able to help in the identification of missing persons. DNA can be obtained from severely degraded samples, as well. This has enhanced law enforcement tremendously. Without DNA evidence, most people would never be convicted (DNAs Link to Corrections, n. . ). DNA will continue to advance. Some anticipated advances are broader implementation of the CODIS database, increased automated lab procedures, use of computerized analysis, portable devices capable of DNA analysis and remote links to databases and other criminal justice information services (DNA Evidence,n. d. ). Reference DNA Evidence: What Law Enforcement Should Know. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 12, 2012 From: http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles/jr000249c. pdj. DNA’s Link to Corretcions. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 12, 2012 from: http://www. crimescene- Investigations. net/NIJ-DNALinkCorretcion. pdf. How to cite Describe How DNA Has Enhanced Law Enforcement, Essays

Introduction to Marketing and Purchasing

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Marketing and Purchasing. Answer: Background information: Proper understanding of the purchasing decision of the customers is extremely important in order to achieve all the aims and goals of the businesses. The study will focus on one of the most popular sports equipment providers namely Nike. The focus organization is an American multinational organization that develops, design, manufacture and market apparel, footwear and other accessories for sustaining its position in the market. The revenue level of Nike was estimated around $31 billion in 2015, which make them one of the biggest names in the sector (nike.com 2017). However, Nike have to face extreme competition from different other global organizations like Adidas, Puma and Reebok for maintaining the profit at the desired level. As a result, it would provide lot of alternative opportunities for the customers at the time of taking purchasing decision regarding sports equipments. Now, in order to evaluate the purchasing decision of the customers, the study has selected two respondents namely James and Adams. Both the respondents have recently purchased sports equipment from the Nike. Now, Adams is 21 years old Sydney based college student whereas James is 35 years old Melbourne based working personnel. The study would try to highlight the factors that have influenced these selected respondents from different age and geographical region to purchase products of Nike. The study would focus on assessing whether the purchasing decisions are made from habit or it was an extreme low involvement decision. It would help Nike to make certain necessary adjustments to keep the sales volume at the desired level. Description of the purchase decision-making process: According to Powers et al. (2012), purchase decision-making process of the customers focuses on systematic identification of factors. Here, Adams has mentioned that he participated in college and other sports activities on regular basis. For that reason, Adams often has to purchase sports equipments to fulfil the requirements. It has influenced Adams to evaluate and compare all alternative products at the time of purchasing a product. For instance, Adams looks to identify the problem associated with the sports activity requirements to assess the exact type of product it requires. Thereafter, purchasing decision of Adams tries to identify best possible products available in the market for fulfilling the needs. After identification of all the available substitute products, Adams has tried to identify the cost and benefits of the products. In case of benefits, Adams has focused on collecting feedback from friends and others regarding the kind of benefits one can avail by purchasing spec ific brands. Adams also has tried to analyze the available ways for purchasing any specific branded sporting equipment. It highlights the fact that Adams is not really biased or habituated of any particular brand. In fact, it has tried to evaluate all possible aspects related to sports equipments in order to conclude. Thus, Adams has utilized a high involvement purchasing decision for fulfilling all the needs. On the contrary, James has expressed his loyalty towards all the products of Nike, as he is using same brand from childhood. Therefore, James has tried to identify the best available sports equipments offered by Nike. James has also mentioned that he has not considered of assessing other branded products available in the market, as he would never look to switch to any other sports equipment manufacturing brands. James has mentioned that all the purchased products of Nike have fulfilled all the expectations until now. For that reason, he did not find any good reason to switch brand. James has highlighted busy work schedule that provides very little opportunity to remain active in sports field. For that reason, James very rarely purchased any sporting apparel and accessories. As a result, it has diverted the attention of James from analyzing any other brands for fulfilling the needs (Jang, Prasad and Ratchford 2012). James has recently purchased sporting equipments, as his personal doc tor has mentioned to exercise at morning on regular basis. Thus, it can be assessed that purchasing decision of James has occurred more of habit, as he shown no interest in judging the quality of other branded products. Discussion and comparison with academic literature: As per the article by Hudson and Thal (2013), the purchase is decision-making process utilized by the customers regarding market transactions during, before and after the purchase of a particular product or service. Decision-making is a psychological construct that make people to behave in a certain way. Many studies have highlighted five steps including need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post purchase behaviour for purchase decision-making process. It has been assessed that performing all these mentioned steps is the traditional way to purchase best available products from the market. Now, the above interview has highlighted the fact that Adams has followed conventional purchasing process for completing the task. On the contrary, James had not followed the conventional five-step approach at the time of taking purchasing decision. Now, Kuvykaite, Dovaliene and Navickiene (2015) have mentioned that it is necessary for the customers to utilize all the five steps for selecting best available product or service for satisfying the needs. It allows customers to understand the kind of cost and benefit a particular product will provide for fulfilling the customers needs. For that reason, it can be mentioned that Adams is more likely to fulfil all the needs in an effective manner. On the other hand, there is higher probability that James might not able to fulfil all the requirements with the implemented purchased decision. Karimi (2013) have emphasizes on the fact that teenagers are more likely to evaluate all the available products at the time of purchasing any products due to lack of financial supports. On the other hand, people around 35 to 40 years are likely to have greater income, which can induce them not to evaluate all the available products for best utility (Reza Jalilvand and Samiei 2012). In case of the selected two respondents, exact same thing had happen, as James does not even look to cover all the step s at the time of developing purchasing decision. As described by Mihart (2012) customer involvement is another key factor for utilizing purchase decision-making process in an effective manner. It has been assessed high customer involvement always allow to analyze all aspect of a particular product before final purchase. On the other hand, low customer involvement induces customers not to analyze all the brands in an effective manner. Therefore, low involvement in the purchasing decision can create major impact on the overall fulfilment of needs and wants (Godey et al. 2012). Now, from the evaluation of the above two interviews, it can be assessed that Adams exhibits greater involvement in the purchasing decision. On the other hand, James has not focused too much on providing greater importance at the time of purchasing sports equipments. For that reason, James has depicted low involvement purchase that might fails to fulfil the actual objective of purchasing Nike product. The analysis of the interview process of these two respondents has provided two distinct ways through which people purchase products. It can be easily make out that curiousness of Adams of testing all the available brands is likely to fulfil all the needs in an appropriate manner (Wang, Yu and Wei 2012). It also highlighted the fact that Adams purchasing decision involves relatively lesser amount of risk that the purchased decision might not able to fulfil the requirements of the customers. In fact, it is more likely to fulfil all the needs, which eventually induce customers to remain loyal to the particular brand (Rawal 2013). On the other hand, James purchasing decision policy induces greater amount of risks, as it might not be the optimum choice for the customers. It has also established the fact that real life purchasing decision does not necessary happens according the developed model of purchasing decisions. In fact, there are several other factors like urgency of the requireme nts, personal habit, influence from friends and family members and many other external factors can have major impact on the purchasing decision of the people (Bakshi 2012). Recommendation and conclusion: From above discussed interview and literature section, it can be assessed that proper understanding of the customer purchasing decision-making process is required for fulfilling business aims and objectives. However, the study has highlighted the fact that customers can actually develop purchase decision in two complete distinct ways. In case of traditional systematic decision-making process, organizations can actually implement several marketing and product development strategies to keep the customers associated for long timeframe. It also allows customers to select best products available in the market. On the other hand, habituated purchase or lo involvement purchase provide very little opportunity to the organizations to expand its reach in the market even though it is providing products of superior quality with lower price range. Hence, it reflects the fact that organizations can actually create more influence in the traditional purchase decision-making process compared to habit uated purchasing-decision. For that reason, traditional decision-making process had to be recommended for all the consumers at the time of purchasing any particular product. References: Bakshi, S., 2012. Impact of gender on consumer purchase behaviour.Journal of Research in Commerce and Management,1(9), pp.1-8. Godey, B., Pederzoli, D., Aiello, G., Donvito, R., Chan, P., Oh, H., Singh, R., Skorobogatykh, I.I., Tsuchiya, J. and Weitz, B., 2012. Brand and country-of-origin effect on consumers' decision to purchase luxury products.Journal of Business Research,65(10), pp.1461-1470. Hudson, S. and Thal, K., 2013. The impact of social media on the consumer decision process: Implications for tourism marketing.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), pp.156-160. Jang, S., Prasad, A. and Ratchford, B.T., 2012. How consumers use product reviews in the purchase decision process.Marketing letters,23(3), pp.825-838. Karimi, S., 2013. A purchase decision-making process model of online consumers and its influential factora cross sector analysis. Kuvykaite, R., Dovaliene, A. and Navickiene, L., 2015. Impact of package elements on consumers purchase decision.Economics and Management, (14), pp.441-447. Mihart, C., 2012. Impact of integrated marketing communication on consumer behaviour: effects on consumer decisionmaking process.International Journal of Marketing Studies,4(2), p.121. nike.com, 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.nike.com [Accessed 10 Apr. 2017]. Powers, T., Advincula, D., Austin, M.S., Graiko, S. and Snyder, J., 2012. Digital and social media in the purchase decision process.Journal of advertising research,52(4), pp.479-489. Rawal, P., 2013. AIDA Marketing Communication Model: Stimulating a purchase decision in the minds of the consumers through a linear progression of steps.International Journal of Multidisciplinary research in social management sciences,1(1), pp.37-44. Reza Jalilvand, M. and Samiei, N., 2012. The effect of electronic word of mouth on brand image and purchase intention: An empirical study in the automobile industry in Iran.Marketing Intelligence Planning,30(4), pp.460-476. Wang, X., Yu, C. and Wei, Y., 2012. Social media peer communication and impacts on purchase intentions: A consumer socialization framework.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(4), pp.198-208.