Victimless Crime

Victimless crime is a term that is used to refer or to explain the behavior that is illegal but does not violate or threaten the rights of anyone else. It means that one person may be involved who is the person committing the crime on his own without affecting anyone else in the process. It can also include acts in which two or more persons agree to commit a criminal offense in which no other person is involved. Sometimes in situations of victimless crimes society has grown to call these events consensual crimes. One good common example that describes victimless crimes could be considered prostitution. Prostitution is described as offering sexual favors in exchange for money and is considered a crime in many places. Both the solicitor which is the person asking for the favor or the offering, and the prostitute can be arrested for violating public decency laws. If both people involved are deemed to have committed the illegal act consensually or willingly, then neither person may be considered victims in the eyes of the law and police officials. â€Å"While prostitution may contribute to other domestic problems or personal vices, the act itself, if entered into consensually, is usually considered a victimless crime† (Liberal Democrat Party). Victimless crimes are not always so weighty or so bad in the sense that it has to be as punishable but still breaks the law. Some examples of low level victimless activities or crimes on the states eyes that may be criminalized could simply include riding a motorcycle without a helmet. In some states, for example Florida it is not illegal to do, but as for the California it is against the law to ride a motorcycle without a helmet and the person will be cited for the act. Even tho that person is not harming or endangering anyone else but his own self the law still holds it as a crime in which breaks the law. Same as Mexico, it is legal to ride in the back of a truck without seat belts or other safety harnesses but here in California it is illegal. Another example is base jumping off of buildings. this is no harm to society or anyone else but the jumpers own life. a very common example of victimless crimes which could be punished by fines or even incarceration is the individual buy and consumption of recreational drugs. Here in the United States it is against the law to smoke marijuana and yet so many people still seem to do it. The law prohibits people from doing the act even though its being consumed by the individual himself, the individual is only harming his own body but the law sees it as a violation of the constitution and its law. â€Å"The idea of a victimless crime often plays a role in the proposed repeal of certain laws, especially the criminalization of drugs, prostitution and other vices† (Halexandria). The argument that has been presented by civil libertarians is that such laws only serve to punish citizens for personal lifestyle decisions in which none of these acts violate the legal rights of others. A citizen should be allowed to buy and smoke marijuana legally because its that persons private consumption in a private home and it does not affect anyone else. Decriminalizing certain victimless crimes would reduce the prison population and take significant pressure off an overworked judicial system (Liberal Democrat Party).

Marx and Locke

Miriam D. Knox Dr. Soupios Political Science 304 April 6, 2010 Karl Marx’s and John Locke’s Ideologies The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels and The Second Treatise of Government written by John Locke are two distinct written pieces that describes their ideas and their philosophical beliefs regarding how society would function at its best. Moreover, both writers offer a detailed explanation about the many struggles that man has encountered regarding his existence in the world. In addition, they suggested political concepts whereby they felt it would help man to bring about socialization that would allow man to live a fair and qualitative life. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx uses a large portion of the book to give a historical perspective of society. He emphasizes from the very beginning that most of mans history has been based on economic pursuits and economic gains. As a result, he says that â€Å"all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (50). Throughout history, social change occurred when the productive forces in society clashed with the conditions of production, resulting in massive social upheaval. This was always to the benefit of one social class at the expense of another. Modern society was the result of a long series of revolutions in the modes of production, of which the bourgeois class was the main beneficiary. Marx wrote in the Communist Manifesto, â€Å"Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: bourgeoisie and proletariat †(51 ). The bourgeoisie, or capitalist class, consists of the relatively small number of people who owned or controlled the means of creating wealth including land and raw materials; mines, factories, and offices; machinery and technology and who could employ wage laborers to work for them. Proletarians perform most of the work in capitalist economies, but they had little or no control over their work-lives or over the wealth that they produced. The relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is an exploitative one because the latter is paid less than the value that its labor creates, with the surplus of economic profits being kept by the bourgeoisie. While wages may rise if workers are well organized and during periods of economic growth, competition between capitalists compels employers to reduce labor costs as much as possible, particularly during recurring periods of capitalist economic crisis. Historically, the bourgeoisie had played a quite revolutionary role. Whenever it has gained power, it has put to an end all â€Å"feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. â€Å"(53). It has eliminated the relationships that bound people to their superiors, and now all remaining relations between men were characterized by self-interest alone (53). In addition, religious fervor, chivalry and sentimentalism had all been sacrificed. Personal worth is now measured by exchange value, and the only freedom is that of Free Trade. Thus, exploitation that used to be veiled by religious and political â€Å"illusions† is now direct, brutal and blatant (53). The bourgeoisie has changed all occupations into wage-laboring professions, even those that were previously honored, such as that of the doctor. Similarly, family relations have lost their veil of sentimentality and have been reduced to pure money relations (53). Marx continues to describe that the bourgeoisie had only one thing in mind, and that was how to increase their economic status. Subsequently concerns and issues regarding mans overall well being was ignored and had no significance within society. The bourgeoisie made it clear that they were only concerned with increasing their political power. Furthermore, human conditions or any means of making humanity better was never considered nor important. In fact, Marx emphatically reminds us that money and political power was the bourgeoisies’ primary interest. The Manifesto then discusses the relationship of the Communists to the proletarians. Marx says that Communists have been â€Å"reproached† for desiring to abolish the â€Å"right† of acquiring private property through the fruits of one's labor (67). However, he points out, laborers do not acquire any property through their labor. Rather, the â€Å"property† or capital they produce serves to exploit them. This property, controlled by the bourgeoisie, represents a social power and not a personal power. Changing it into common property does not abolish property as a right, but merely changes its social character, by eliminating its class character. Marx also points out that the â€Å"[The bourgeoisie] is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him. Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie, in other words, its existence is no longer compatible with society† (65). The bourgeoisie wanted man to exist in a subservient state of mind and wanted man to accept the exploitative lifestyle they were providing for their daily existence. Moreover, â€Å"What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable† (65). Marx reminds us that it was impossible for man to continue to work and survive in such limited and harsh conditions successfully. If man continued to live like this it would lead to severe suppression and eventually to mans own demise. Therefore, Marx stresses in order for the proletariat to survive, they must revolt against the bourgeoisie. Marx states, â€Å"The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all the other proletariat parties: formation of the proletariat into a class, the overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat† (66). Marx understood that the proletarians had to revolt in order to experience freedom from their enslaved environment and develop a communistic society. According to Marx, † the theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property† (67). Marx felt in order for the proletarians to escape the bondage they were encountering and to establish a Communist society this theory had to be implemented. This theory was not an option, but in fact a necessity for the proletarians to develop a communistic society. Marx ends Communist Manifesto in stating â€Å"Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. Working men of all countries unite! (91). Marx strongly felt that man united throughout the universe and living in a Communist society would offer man the opportunity to live with the prospect of both justice and a qualitative lifestyle while living in the world. He new this type of revolution would make the bourgeoisie fall and crumble. The Second Treatise of Government written by John Locke places sovereignty into the hands of the people. Locke's fundamental argument is that people are equal and invested with natural rights in a state of nature in which they live free from outside rule. Locke addresses the state of nature in order to define political power. In Chapter 2, Locke explains the state of nature as a state of equality in which no one has power over another, and all are free to do as they please(4). He notes, however, that this liberty does not equal the license to abuse others, and that natural law exists even in the state of nature. Each individual in the state of nature has the power to execute natural laws, which are universal (5). Locke's theory includes a host of moral beliefs and moral practices. Moreover, Locke points out and wants us to understand that the state of nature derives from a theory of justice and from a set of rights. No one would have any â€Å"rights† at all in the absence of a moral code applicable to human actions or any standard of â€Å"just† punishment. One topic that Marx and Locke had different views points on was whether private property was a natural right or not. John Locke believed that private property was a natural right, in fact he believed owning property was one of the most important possessions that mankind should seek and obtain. Locke emphasized that all men have the right to â€Å"life, liberty and possessions â€Å"(5). One of man’s best attributes as well as his down fall is having freewill, whereby man has the option in making a good or bad choice regarding his actions. Keeping this in mind, Locke realizes the importance of establishing clear and precise rules for man to abide by. Locke emphasizes that, in any civil society, situations will arise that have to be dealt with before the legislative can be assembled to provide laws for them. In these instances, the executive may exercise executive prerogative or simply â€Å"good judgment† (95). The executive is qualified to take actions that are outside the framework of the laws (not breaking them, just not provided for by them), if their actions advance the society's best interest. He defines this prerogative as â€Å"nothing but the power of doing public good without rule†(95). Overall Locke believed this rule of thumb avoided chaos and would provide peace and order. Ultimately this thought process was for man’s overall good and for his general welfare. Locke defines tyranny as â€Å"the exercise of power beyond right† (112). A just leader is bound by the laws of the legislative and works for the people, whereas a tyrant breaks the laws and acts on his own behalf. Locke notes that any executive body is not just a monarchy, but in fact ceases to function for the benefit of the people are a tyranny. Locke implies when the government is dissolved, the people are free to reform the legislative in order to recreate a civil state that works in their best interest before they fall under tyrannical rule. In addition, He expressed the radical view that government is morally obliged to serve people, namely by protecting life, liberty, and property. He explained the principle of checks and balances to limit government power. He favored representative government and a rule of law. However he denounced tyranny. He insisted that when government violates individual rights, people may legitimately rebel (126). Overall Locke believed that men were, by nature, born free and independent, meaning every person was a law unto themselves. That meant that they couldn't be subjected to political power without their own consent. Since every individual had consented being part of the community, they had the power, and the will to act as a whole. By consenting to being in a community, man is obliged to be a part of it, and to support whatever the general will is, for his fellow citizens. Hence, Locke was asserting that government had to be fair and equitable towards all its citizens. In addition, Locke believed it was crucial for citizens had the right to revolt if government was not meeting their needs. Marx and Locke were aligned along these terms although the ideas of Karl Marx did not have the same implicit trust in the inherent â€Å"good† of government that Locke had. According to Marx, government was not an entity through which change could be brought about. Rather, for change to happen and for the class struggles to be resolved it was necessary for the people to rise up and bring about the necessary adjustments to society. Works Cited Locke, John. The Second Treatise of Government. 1997 Prentice Hall Engels, Friedrich & Marx, Karl. The Communist Manifesto. 1998 Signet Classics

Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Buying...

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They believe that by doing this they can associate their products with their target customers. This is called celebrity endorsement. The field of consumer behavior is the study of individuals, groups or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use and dispose of product, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. And understanding the consumer behavior is the prime and toughest task in front of every marketer. There are a lot of factors, which influence consumer buyer behavior. This study aimed at to understand the influence of celebrity endorsement on consumer buying behavior. 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Sample Resume The Flavia Fusion Essay - 1611 Words

I have been interested in the one cup coffee brewers for some time. However, I was put off by the high price tag and the high cost per cup of coffee when compared to traditional coffee pots. I finally broke down and purchased a Flavia Fusion coffeemaker. This one-cup brewing system uses coffee packs that brew a single cup at a time with the touch of a button. Here is my review of the Flavia Fusion, based on some key characteristics. CONVENIENCE AND EASE OF USE The Flavia Fusion coffee maker is so easy to use. You just fill the water reservoir (which holds a lot of water, you do not need to fill it for every cup), pop in the coffee pack of your choice, and press a button. It is quick, convenient, and very easy to use. NO CLEANING! This is perhaps my favorite feature of my Flavia Fusion coffee machine. I hate cleaning the coffee pot and filter, and would often leave the mess in the sink after my morning coffee for later. There were many mornings I would wake up and stumble into the kitchen to make my morning brew, only to find a mess in the kitchen that I neglected to clean from the previous morning. Not a good way to start the day. With the Flavia Fusion, there is no clean up. All I need to do is removed the used filter pack and throw it in the trash. VARIETY AND COST The Flavia Fusion has a price tag of $99, much less than a lot of the other single cup brewers out there. It does not have all of the bells and whistles of some of the other brands, but I found it to be a

Summary on The Book of the Courtier by Baldassar...

The Book of the Courtier Summary The Book of the Courtier by Baldassar Castiglione was the book of proper etiquette for men and women from 1528 to the end of the 18th century. This book was found in French, Latin, Spanish, Dutch, English, German, and Polish. This book was written in a dialogue well, four different dialogues, with each dialogue pushing and explaining different â€Å"rules† that needed to be fallowed if a person was considered to be high class; these rules were basically held as law to most of the high class citizens of Europe. There are some rules that are able to be paired or grouped together because they either said the same thing or were pointing towards the same major point on how to act; some of these major key points†¦show more content†¦Many of the rules are still kept up in today’s society. The rules that are no longer in place include being born into a wealthy family, do not boast/ brag, do not spread rumors, do not lead on someone of the opposite sex unless they are of the same social status as you- poor or rich-, speak in multiple languages-French, Italian, and Spanish-, be graceful within everything you do, do not do sports- ladies-, be knowledgeable, make sure that your armor is well kept and taken care of-gentlemen-, be able to fight in a tournament and against a range of weapons-gentlemen-, and act as if you were a person of the court. The amount of rules, like these, that are still in affect are dress for success, treat everyone with respect, be kind, treat your other as if he/she was you-if you are in a relationship-, be ladylike/gentlemanlike, be courteous, and have friends close by. The three major categories that have been mentioned, respect, leadership, and social image, were the ways that a person with a high ranking of social order would act in public and within their own homes. The Book of The Courtier by Baldassar Castiglione was the base of the modern day books on proper etiquette; yet, the rules are now not only for the rich bu t also for the

Management Tools for Implementation of Food - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Management Tools for Implementation of Food. Answer: Introduction ISO 22000 is applicable to food chain in order to ensure food safety management system. After getting certified under ISO 22000 companies can ensure that they are providing best quality products to their customers. This helps the organisation in establishing good image in the eyes of society (Lombardo et.al 2017). Now a days due to increase in health awareness among the customers its essential for the organisations to pay attention over their quality stuff if they want to expand their business and win over their competitors. This approach is widely used by all the countries who are the member of international organisations of standards. In this report complete discussion will be carried on clauses of the standard, places where it is applicable, positive as well as its negative side, practical examples to prove the same, different countries where it is been used, comparison with the other established standard and different ways in which it is beneficial for the customers and companies. Parts (clauses) of standard Appropriate procedures are developed by the government which clearly lay down all the responsibilities, activities, input as well as output. There are total 10 clauses under ISO 22000:2005. Some of them may include- establishing control over documents (cl. 4.2.2) and records (cl. 4.2.3), response to emergency (cl. 5.7), monitoring PRPs (cl. 7.5 c) and some critical points where points important to establish control (cl. 7.6.4), proper handling of products that are unsafe in nature (cl. 7.10.4).Apart from this special focus is laid on certain clause like-taking corrective actions (cl. 7.10.2) and conducting internal audits (cl. 8.4.1) (Ryan, 2017). There are certain clauses that have created problem for the people are- Management of responsibility under this employee have to work as per the instructions given by their heads. This means if the company wants to focus over the quality of food then top management have to take certain strong steps. Maintenance of appropriate human resource it focuses on establishing competent work environment within the firm.These entire clauses under the ISO 22000 will ensure that the firm will provide its best quality product to the society. Application Only those organisations that are dealing in food line can send the application in order to obtain certificate from an accredited ISO body. ISO 22000 involves all the principles of HACCP. It stands for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Standards. Application was not so easy for the government so, 12 major steps were taken by Codex Alimentarius in terms of audit. Soon the association realised that different range of hazards occur at different processing stages. So, organisations have to prepare proper documents to know the reason behind occurrence of these hazards and different ways in which they can be overcome. One survey was made to know how much effect was laid by ISO 22000 over the firms. Comparison was made between 25 big poultry producers and small farms. At the end results were quite favourable because all the firms that were able to produce good quality stuff which increased export market by 72%. As this was one of the biggest sources of the revenue for the government so, with the proper support of the government large scale industrialist were able to overcome all the risk involved in this segment (Soares, Vicente Martins, 2015). Good and bad sides of ISO 22000 standard Good sides (Varzakas, 2015). This helped the organisation in maintaining consistency in the food stuff that they offer to the society. Helps in building confidence in management and the team members that whatever procedures they are following are the best and safe for their customers. Customers as well the stakeholders feel safe as well as confident on the ability of the firm to control all the hazards involved in food line. ISO 22000 helps in establishing control over food supply chain of the firm. Bad sides Clause 7.2 of the same standard does not give clear explanation regarding different ways to implement PRP. This standard does not focus on the requirements of the GMP that is good manufacturing practices nor does it tell how GMP can be implemented. Companies have to bearer loose in the customers because of the lack of clarity of clauses mentioned under this standard (Todorovic Kojic, 2017). These are the two major reasons behind the move made by the firms from ISO 22000 to FSSC 22000. Practical examples There are many industries that have to perform the work as per the clauses and the standards established under ISO 22000. Organisation that are actively engaged in providing sea food directly to the consumers or are involved in trading activities have to match all the standards under ISO 22000 (Psomas Kafetzopoulos, 2015). Apart from this there are few food chains that have established their branches in different parts of the world such as MC Donalds and Pizza hut have maintained their quality for the long period in order to obtain ISO22000 certificate. These standards ensure that whatever food is provided by the companies is up to the mark. Further it also helps the companies to access all the risk areas as well the issues on time so that steps can be taken in order to improve them within the short time span. Subway is the fast food chain that is providing many services from its retail chain. This firm was able to establish its images in the eyes of the customers because of its taste as well as its quality stuff. At the initial stage it was quite difficulty for the organisation to maintain its quality in all the chains but after overcoming the entire hurdles firm was able to maintain quality in transportation networks, food materials, sea food and many more. This helps the organisation in making new and separate image in the eyes of society members. Standard usage in different countries Asia being an agriculture country certain standards are established by the ISO in order to ensure that only those products will be exported that are of good quality as this help in developing favourable image in the eyes of the other nation. These standards ensure safety in management of food industry (Varzakas Manolopoulou, 2017). USA this country pay more attention on the health of its citizens. Under the ISO 22000 major focus is laid on agricultural, production as well as distribution practice. Along with it special steps are taken in order to maintain sanitation, pest control, disposal of waste and many more (Soares, Vicente Martins, 2015). Comparison with other standards ISO 22000 is totally different from ISO 26000 and HACCP. As major focus of ISO 22000 is laid on maintaining safety in the food management system where as ISO 26000 is one of the international standards that are established to ensure that all the organisation should undertake their social responsibility as that will; enable them indirectly helpful for their their mission as well as their vision statement, employees as well as the stakeholders. On the other hand ISO 22000 is totally different from HACCP because HACCP is one of the systems that focus on maintaining safety in food. Apart from this both are based on different principles (Kendirli Ulusoy, 2014). HACCP focuses on identification all the critical issues and hazards that are present in the process of production and at the end developing an appropriate system to monitor the results. Whereas, ISO22000 principles may include continues improvement in management system, developing an appropriate planning and taking correct steps for operating PRPs. Under this standard proper major are taken in order to analyse the risk. Benefits to customers and companies Establishment of standards are beneficial for both the companies as well for the customers in many ways Benefits to customers Ensuring consumption of goods that are safe for them as the customers know that wherever food stuff they are in taking belongs to a good quality so, this will help them in taking care of their healthy in best way and lead a healthy life. Apart from this customers are able to recognise which food that is good and safe for them and which is not (Maheshwari Mehta, 2016). Reduction in diseases that are caused because of food products that are produced as per the standards will ensure reduction in overall diseases that are caused due to intake of poor quality food. Benefits to companies Increase in overall profitability -All the organisations such as Mc Donalds and Subway that are operating their business in the different parts of the world will be able to enjoy high profitability because by provide good quality products to their consumers the organisation will not only be able to expand its business but it will also be able to enhance their customer group all these things will indirectly increase the profitability of the firm (Armeanu, Vintila Gherghina, 2017). Working with efficiency in documentation and procedures under the ISO 22000 food chain industries either have to update their existing tools as well as their equipments or they have to procure new once so that they can maintain standard in their food stuff. This will indirectly help the organisation to take the benefits of all the updated technologies. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that, industries that are actively engaged in food zone are facing many challenges and one of the biggest challenges is to provide food that is safe and best in quality. However in order to ensure same many steps are taken by the government but still there are certain Ares in the sea food zone which need to be improve more so that people do not face any problem because for the food they are eating and lead a healthy life (Varzakas Tzia, 2015). References Lombardo, A., Boselli, C., Amatiste, S., Ninci, S., Frazzoli, C., Dragone, R., ... Brajon, G. (2017). From invention to innovation: risk analysis to integrate One Health technology in the dairy farm.Frontiers in public health,5. Ryan, J. M. (2017).Guide to Food Safety and Quality During Transportation: Controls, Standards and Practices. Academic Press. Soares, N. F., Vicente, A. A., Martins, C. M. (2015).Food safety in the seafood industry: a practical guide for ISO 22000 and FSSC 22000 implementation. John Wiley Sons. Varzakas, T. (2015). 4 ISO 22000, HACCP, and Other Management Tools for Implementation of Food Safety-Traceability Case Studies.Handbook of Food Processing: Food Safety, Quality, and Manufacturing Processes,35, 105. Todorovic, G., Kojic, V. (2017). IMPACT OF REALIZED IMS SYSTEM IN PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER ON QUALITY OF LIFE.International Journal for Quality Research,11(1). Psomas, E. L., Kafetzopoulos, D. P. (2015). HACCP effectiveness between ISO 22000 certified and non-certified dairy companies.Food Control,53, 134-139. Varzakas, T., Manolopoulou, E. (2017). Comparison of HACCP and ISO 22000 in the Ready-to-Eat Fruit and Vegetable Industry in Conjunction with Application of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Ishikawa Diagrams. InMinimally Processed Refrigerated Fruits and Vegetables(pp. 685-721). Springer US. Soares, N. F., Vicente, A. A., Martins, C. M. (2015).Food safety in the seafood industry: a practical guide for ISO 22000 and FSSC 22000 implementation. John Wiley Sons. Kendirli, H. C., Ulusoy, G. (2014). Food Quality Certificates and Research on Effect of Food Quality Certificates to Determinate Ignored Level of Buying Behavioral: A Case Study in Hitit University Feas Business Department.Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People,3(4), 37-46. Maheshwari, D., Mehta, S. (2016). impact of iso on quality of product in industries. Armeanu, S. D., Vintila, G., Gherghina, S. C. (2017). A Cross-Country Empirical Study Towards the Impact of Following ISO Management System Standards on Euro-Area Economic Confidence.Amfiteatru Economic,19(44), 144. Varzakas, T., Tzia, C. (Eds.). (2015).Handbook of food processing: food safety, quality, and manufacturing processes(Vol. 35). CRC Press. Escanciano, C., Santos-Vijande, M. L. (2014). Reasons and constraints to implementing an ISO 22000 food safety management system: Evidence from Spain.Food Control,40, 50-57.

American Literature Finals Study Guide Flashcard

American Literature: Finals Study Guide